Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mental health condition characterised by significant shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to think clearly. National Institute of Mental Health+2Mayo Clinic+2 Unlike ordinary ups and downs, these shifts can be extreme and disruptive. At one end are elevated mood states (mania or hypomania) and at the other, deep depressive episodes. MedlinePlus+1. 

During a manic episode, a person may feel unusually “high”, euphoric, overly energetic, rapidly shifting thoughts, needing less sleep, and may act impulsively or engage in risky behaviour. Mayo Clinic+1 In contrast, a depressive episode features persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, and possibly suicidal thoughts. NAMI+1. 

There are several subtypes of bipolar disorder. For example, Bipolar I typically involves full manic episodes; Bipolar II involves hypomania (a milder form of mania) and depressive episodes. MedlinePlus+1 The exact cause is not fully known, but genetic, biological (brain structure and function), and environmental factors (such as stress or life events) all contribute. National Institute of Mental Health+1. 

Diagnosis usually involves a detailed clinical assessment—there is no definitive blood test. Other medical conditions or medications must be ruled out. NAMI Treatment is multi-faceted: mood-stabilising and antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy (talk-based therapies), lifestyle management (regular sleep, healthy routines), and ongoing support. Cleveland Clinic+1 With the right support and management plan, many people with bipolar disorder lead fulfilling lives. Early recognition and sustained care are key to reducing relapse risk and improving quality of life. MedlinePlus+1.